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 The Satlantic FIRe (Fluorescence Induction and Relaxation) System is the latest advance in bio-optical technology to measure variable chlorophyll fluorescence in photosynthetic organisms.
Based on the Fast Repetition Rate Fluorometry (FRRF) technique, the FIRe was developed in collaboration with Dr. Maxim Gorbunov and Dr. Paul Falkowski from Rutgers University. The system is the result of 15 years experience in phytolpankton physiology, photosynthesis and primary production assessment.
System Features:
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Sensitive enough for dilute field samples (down to 0.05 mg/m3 Chl a)
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Comprehensive suite of fluorescence parameters (e.g. Fv/Fm, σPSII, Fv’/Fm’)
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Independently controlled Blue and Green LED excitation
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Rapid, user friendly measurement protocols
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Optional Actinic Light Source for light adapted fluorescence measurements and automated light response curves.
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Optional Fiber Optic Probe for multichannel analysis and measurements on macrophytes and corals.
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Optional Flow-Through Cuvette for software controlled continuous sampling onboard research vessels.
Read the latest publications using Satlantic's FIRe System.
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Reference Materials |
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| References |
 Jun 11, 2007
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Bibby et al. 2006
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Bibby, T.S.; M.Y. Gorbunov; K.W. Wyman; & P.G. Falkowski. 2006. Photosynthetic community response to upwelling mesoscale eddies in the subtropical north Atlantic and Pacific. Submitted to Deep Sea Research.
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Jun 11, 2007
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Levy et al. 2004
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Levy O.; Bubinsky Z.; Schneider K.; Achituv Y.; Zakai D.; & M. Gorbunov. 2004. Diurnal hysteresis in coral photosynthesis. Marine Ecology Progressive Series, Vol 268: 105-117
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Jun 11, 2007
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Gorbunov et al. 1999
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Gorbunov, M.Y.; Kolber Z.S.; & P.G. Falkowski. 1999. Measuring photosynthetic parameters in individual algal cells by Fast Repetition Rate fluorometry. Photosynthesis Research 2: 141-153
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Knowledge Base Questions |
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How does the FIRe System differ from Pulse Amplitude Modulated (PAM) fluorometer?
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The FIRe System measures changes in chlorophyll fluorescence that occur during a short (100 - 400 μs) but intense (> 20,000 μmol photons m-2 s-1) flash of light whereas the PAM approach measures the fluorescence induced by a weak modulated light source while using ‘saturating’ pulses of ~3000 - 10,000 μmol photons m-2 s-1 to modify fluorescence yields.
The FIRe System also fundamentally differs from a PAM in that the FIRe fully reduces the primary electron acceptor, QA, allowing a simultaneous single closure (STF) event of all photosystem II (PSII) reaction centers whereas the PAM technique generates multiple photochemical charge separations (MTF) that fully reduces QA, the secondary acceptor, QB, and plastoquinone (PQ). By lengthening the measuring protocol the FIRe can also yield MTF data.
For a complete discussion on the mechanistic and practical differences between the two techniques see:
Suggett, D.J., K. Oxborough, N.R. Baker, H.L. MacIntyre, T.M. Kana, & R.J. Geider. 2003. Fast repetition rate and pulse amplitude modulation chlorophyll a fluorescence measurements for assessment of photosynthesis electron transport in marine phytoplankton. European Journal of Phycology. 38: 371-84.
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What do you do if the STF induction curve does not reach a plateau?
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If the fluorescence yield does not reach its maximum value (i.e., plateau) by the end of the single turnover flash (STF), increase the STF duration. For example, if you are currently using an STF duration of 80-100 micro-seconds, try increasing it to 120 or 150 micro-seconds.
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